Below we provide the data files used to generate all figures in the main text. Each dataset includes both experimental measurements and corresponding theoretical calculations, with column descriptions given for clarity.



**Figure2\_theory**



* X – Dimensionless interaction parameter (e.g. X=±1 for attractive/repulsive branch)
* type – Theoretical model:

  * tb: two-body scattering approach
  * tmatrix: T-matrix calculation
  * effm: effective mass behavior
* p/pF – Momentum normalized by the Fermi momentum pF
* dE/EF – Energy shift normalized by the Fermi energy EF

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**Figure4\_expdat \& Figure4\_theory**



* dp (ħk) – Momentum transfer in units of photon recoil momentum
* dnu (kHz) – RF frequency detuning at the spectral peak
* frac – Normalized spectral response / peak amplitude
* frac err – Standard error of the measured fraction





**Figure5\_expdat \& Figure5\_theory**



* X – Dimensionless interaction parameter (here fixed at X=1.03, attractive polaron)
* dp (ħk) – Momentum transfer in units of photon recoil momentum
* dnu\_pol (kHz) – Measured polaron peak shift
* dnu\_pol err (kHz) – Standard error of the peak position
* type – Data type:

  * T0: zero-temperature T-matrix prediction
  * fit: fitted curve





**Figure 6\_expdat \& Figure 6\_theory**



* label – Dataset identifier:

  * A–C: attractive polaron branches
  * D–E: repulsive polaron branches
* dp/pF – Momentum transfer in units of the Fermi momentum pF
* dEpol/EF – Polaron energy shift in units of the Fermi energy EF
* dEpol/EF err – Standard error of the measured energy shift





**Figure7\_expdat \& Figure7\_theory**



* label – Dataset identifier:

  * A–C: attractive polaron branches
  * D–E: repulsive polaron branches
* dp/pF – Momentum transfer in units of the Fermi momentum pF
* (ħγ\_pol)/EF – Polaron linewidth in units of the Fermi energy EF
* (ħγ\_pol)/EF err – Standard error of the measured linewidth





**Figure8A, Figure8B \& Figure8C**



* X – Dimensionless interaction parameter
* kFR\* – Interaction strength parameter
* dp/pF – Impurity momentum in units of the Fermi momentum pF
* pol\_energy – Polaron energy from T-matrix calculations
* pol\_width – Spectral linewidth (finite lifetime due to decay into continuum)
* pol\_mol – Molecule spectral weight / admixture indicating approach to molecule–hole continuum
* m\_eff/m\_down – Effective mass ratio (obtained from low-momentum dispersion fit; constant per dataset)
* eff mass dispersion – Quadratic effective-mass dispersion used as reference (valid only at low momentum)





**Figure9\_energy\_theory \& Figure9\_energy\_width**



* label – Dataset identifier (A, B, C) or thermal contribution
* type – Data type:

  * T0: zero-temperature T-matrix result
  * thermal: finite-temperature correction
  * marker: position of polaron–molecule transition
* dp/pF – Momentum transfer in units of the Fermi momentum pF
* dEpol/EF – Polaron energy in units of the Fermi energy EF
* (ħγ\_pol)/EF – Polaron linewidth in units of the Fermi energy EF



→ Experimental data corresponding to these figures can be found in Figure6\_expdat and Figure7\_expdat





**Figure11\_attr \& Figure11\_rep**



* p/pF – Polaron momentum in units of the Fermi momentum pF
* m\_par/m\_down – Longitudinal effective mass ratio (parallel to momentum direction), normalized to bare impurity mass
* m\_perp/m\_down – Transverse effective mass ratio (perpendicular to momentum direction), normalized to bare impurity mass





**Figure12\_theory**



* dp/pF – Momentum transfer in units of the Fermi momentum pF
* p/pF – Impurity momentum normalized to the Fermi momentum pF
* w – Momentum distribution function w(p,Δp,pth)





**Figure14\_expdat \& Figure14\_theory**



* type – Direction of Raman kick (positive / negative momentum transfer)
* t1/T – Dimensionless delay time between the two Raman pulses
* p'/ħk – Measured (or predicted) atomic momentum in units of photon recoil momentum
* p'/ħk err – Standard error of the measured momentum